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Thursday, April 16, 2020

COVID-19 -- Preliminary Herd Immunity Testing

The dangerous
asymptomatic 
(  no symptoms )
COVID-19 
infections 
allow the 
disease 
to spread
quickly.

There are 
several ways 
to stop the
spread, 
besides the
social isolation 
that forces
a partial 
economic 
shutdown:

(1) 
Mass testing
to isolate only 
those people 
who are infected.


(2) 
A COVID-19 
vaccine, which 
Bill Gates says 
would take 
18 months
to develop.

Some experts
say one year 
is possible.

Even wishful 
thinking would
require six 
months!


(3) 
Mass antibody 
testing, to identify
people unlikely 
to get COVID-19
again

An antibody test 
is also known as 
a serum test .

That test is
NOT yet possible 
for COVID-10 with 
HIGH accuracy, 
although many labs 
are getting close.

Tests require 
a blood sample, 
but will hopefully 
show how many 
people were 
exposed 
to the virus. 

"Herd immunity"
is when we've had
a large majority 
of a population 
that had a disease, 
and developed 
antibodies that
will prevent them 
from getting 
infected again 
( for some 
period of time ).

A "large majority" 
is considered 
to be two-thirds 
of the population,
or more.

The unknown 
percentage 
of COVID-19 
infections with
no symptoms
makes us wonder
if herd immunity
is possible.

There have been
two relatively small 
antibody studies,
one in Germany,
and one in Austria.

The German study 
was not random, 
and may have 
confused the
antibodies for 
coronavirus 
common colds,
with COVID-19 
antibodies.

We do need 
very accurate
antibody tests 
to find out
the percentage
of asymptomatic 
COVID-19 cases,
previously roughly 
estimated here 
at 20% to 40%,
but could be 
much higher,
or lower.


GERMANY  STUDY:
A small study on
the town of Gangelt, 
suggested that
15% of the town 
might have caught 
an asymptomatic form 
of COVID-19, because
they had antibodies to it. 

But, unfortunately,
the test may have 
detected antibodies 
to the harmless 
common cold forms
of corona virus, 
instead of only 
the deadly virus:
SARS-Cov-2. 

The test was done
just a month after 
the end of the 
common cold 
"season".

One third of common colds 
are caused by four known, 
harmless corona viruses.

The Braunschweig infection 
epidemiologist Gérard Krause, 
from the Helmholtz Institute 
for Infection Research, 
told the Süddeutsche Zeitung 
that there are currently 
no widely available tests
that could reliably 
demonstrate immunity 
to Sars-CoV-2.

The town's infections 
were started in a cluster 
at a large carnival. 

That may mean the virus 
spread first through a
younger than average 
carnival crowd.

That would explain 
the rapid spread, and 
the low fatality rate.  

The researchers 
selected households, 
not individuals. 

Households are 
much more likely 
to infect each other, 
and households 
with children 
will also be likely 
to have more
asymptomatic 
COVID-19 cases.

Dr Simon Clarke, 
Associate Professor 
in Cellular Microbiology, 
University of Reading, 
said: 
“The finding that 14% 
of the population of Gangelt 
in Germany have antibodies 
to the virus causing COVID19 
is interesting, but does not 
in any way prove that 14% 
of the population are immune, 
as these reports suggest.  

While it’s undeniably 
a good sign, merely having 
some antibodies does not 
necessarily prove immunity, 
as is often casually asserted.  

We don’t know what 
the correlates of protection, 
the measurable signs 
that someone has immunity 
to a disease, are for this virus, 
and neither do we know 
how long any immunity 
would last.

It is important to understand 
the sensitivity and specificity 
of the serological test used 
in the German studies 
to be sure the test is not 
picking up antibodies
to other corona viruses 
(4 different common cold 
causing coronaviruses 
have been isolated 
in humans during 
the past years, and 
3 more serious ones 
( SARSCoV1 and 2, 
and MERSCoV )."



AUSTRIA:
Note:
Austria was among 
the first of the
European nations
to clamp down 
on public life,
and they enforced 
social distancing 
when cases were 
still in the hundreds, 
and few had died. 

As a result, 
their COVID-19 
infection rate
should be 
unusually low.

Austria will soon be 
allowing small shops 
and hardware and 
gardening stores 
to reopen, 
but will keep schools, 
and other stores, 
closed until May.

In a small random
study in Austria,
only 0.33% tested 
were infected 
about a week 
after the nation's
COVID-19 peak.

The co-founder of Sora,
Christoph Hofinger, 
told a news conference: 
“Based on this study, 
we believe that 0.33% 
of the population in Austria 
was acutely infected 
in early April.” 

"Given the margin of error, 
the figure was 95% likely 
to be between 0.12% 
and 0.76%."

They also estimated
that 75% of infections
had mild symptoms,
or no symptoms.

Austrian chancellor, 
Sebastian Kurz,
rounded up,
and said that the 
rate of infection 
was about 1%. 

In plain English, 
that means 
at least 99% of the 
Austria population 
is still vulnerable
to COVID-19.

Whether 0.3% 
or 1% ( or 10% ),
the percentage
is far too low 
for a "herd 
immunity".

Herd immunity
requires 
widespread 
COVID-19 
infections,
and antibodies.