INTRODUCTION:
There is no “proof” of anything in science. There is only evidence for, or against, something. For human caused catastrophic “climate change,” there is no evidence for it happening in the future. It has not been happening in the past 50 years, even as we heard the always wrong scary predictions of a coming climate crisis in all 50 years.
Climate alarmists repeatedly "adjust" historical temperatures -- there are hundreds of "adjustments" every month . The "adjustments" of past temperature data consistently create global warming out of thin air. Then the "adjusted" temperature data are ignored when creating computer games ... that grossly over predict future global warming. The constant historical temperature "adjustments", and always wrong computer game climate predictions, mean climate alarmists ignore real science. They NEED junk science to support their scary climate predictions.
SUMMARY:
The greenhouse effect (GHE) is a well established hypotheses from the 1800s. Most people consider it a solid theory. I find that it has some serious problems that need to be explained, if possible.
The laboratory experiments of greenhouse gasses in a closed system, with artificially dried air (infrared absorption spectrography) only suggests the warming effects of the same gases in the atmosphere, which includes varying amounts of water vapor. Water vapor is the primary greenhouse gas, whose greenhouse effects overlap infrared frequencies (wavelengths) that are affected by other gasses.
NASA has conceded that climate models lack the precision required to make climate projections due to the inability to accurately model clouds.
https://notrickszone.com/2019/08/29/nasa-we-cant-model-clouds-so-climate-models-are-100-times-less-accurate-than-needed-for-projections/
DETAILS:
How much do GHGs warm up the planet? The current "answer" is circular reasoning. GHGs are claimed to warm the planet. Then measurements tell us the planet has warmed, so man made GHGs are arbitrarily blamed, without proof. Never mind the prior 4.5 billion years of natural climate change with no possible man made causes. And never mind the past 500,000 years, based on Antarctica ice core studies, where temperature changes LED the CO2 changes by hundreds of years. Now the climate change alarmists claim CO2 changes CAUSE temperature changes -- something never before seen in Earth's climate history.
There are many issues with understanding the effect of clouds on sunlight during the day, and on Earth's ability to cool itself at night. The Cloud Radiative Effect (CRE) is usually claimed to come from ERBE and CERES satellite data. Not correct. The estimates come from models fed with some satellite data. A negative CRE is “confirmed” only by questionable models. The whole GHG theory depends on those models.
Clouds hold down day time temperatures, while keeping nights warmer. It's about the relationship of incoming short wave (SW) radiation (sunlight) to outgoing long wave (LW) radiation from Earth cooling itself off. There are data that show the correlation between clouds (CRE) and temperature is positive -- the more clouds, the warmer it is. But models claim a negative CRE - temperature correlation. If clouds actually warm the planet (positive correlation), and evidence points that way, the foundation of the greenhouse gas theory is wrong.
Without Clouds: Under clear skies, day temperatures would be higher because no incoming sunlight could be blocked by clouds. And night, temperatures would be lower without clouds to partially block outgoing infrared radiation (Earth cooling, into space, aka 'back radiation'). Back radiation at night has been measured with clear skies and cloudy skies. The difference is large ... Note: When it rains, the situation changes. and the cooling effect of the water cycle takes over.
For science nerds only:
We are told, “Without GHGs, the Earth would be a frozen planet with a temperature of only -18°C, or 255°K”. In plain English, it's assumed Earth would be emitting heat just like a perfect black body, if not for GHGs. One problem: Earth is mainly water, and not a perfect "black body" emitter. Clouds interfere with outgoing heat -- “clear nights are cold nights”.
The 255°K is the result of a (relatively) simple formula.
(342 x ((1-0.3) / 1) / 5.67e-8) ^0.25 = 255
342W/m2 is the amount of solar radiation (exact number may vary),
5.67e-8 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and
^0.25 (or the 4th root) represents the Stefan-Boltzmann law according to which radiation is a function of temperature to the power of 4. ...
(1-0.3 / 1). 0.3 is the albedo of Earth and 1-0.3 os thus the absorbativity, which is the share of solar radiation the Earth absorbs (~70%).
The 1 below the comma, usually omitted, represents emissivity, which is the share of long wave infrared radiation (LWIR) emitted by the Earth relative to a perfect black body of the same temperature.)