"Climate science" is frustrating because people with science degrees use data without an understanding of the measurement systems.
Measurement, and the errors associated with it, are very important for lab experiment reports by engineering students.
There is a near total neglect of error in "consensus climate science" measurements.
Surface temperature data lack standardization, quality control and there are no regular calibrations of measuring instruments.
Real scientists would never accept the data as useful for anything.
The best-case historical 19th to mid-20th century liquid-in-glass (LiG) meteorological thermometers included 1 degree C. graduations.
The standard SST bucket LiG thermometers through the 20th century also had 1 degree C. graduations.
The best American ship-board engine-intake thermometers included 2 degree F. (~1 degree C.) graduations.
On British ships they were 2 degrees C. graduations.
The modern ARGO sea probe sales brochure provides data about accuracy for the electronics only:
-- It does not state the accuracy of the temperature sensor, or how it is affected by pressure (depth) or temperature.
-- It does not include the effects of ambient temperature on the electronic equipment.
-- So the very limited accuracy claim would be obtained only if used in laboratory conditions ... but the ARGO probes are subject to about 50 degrees F. change from the bottom to the top of their vertical ocean decent.
Some of Arctic sea buoy observations show little variation over time, as if the sensor shield was covered in ice or snow, yet they are never checked, and observations are reported as if they are accurate.
From 1850 through 2000, the published (claimed) resolution of average temperature data is much smaller than the resolution limits of the measuring instruments themselves.
The people compiling the global instrumental surface temperature record have neglected the detection limits of their instruments.
The uncertainty in global air temperature since 1850 cannot be known within +/- 1 degree C. prior to 1980, and at least +/- 0.5 degrees C. after that.
NASA-GISS, and other sources of surface data, claim +/- 0.1 degree C. margins of error -- they are lying.
Claims of a +1 degree C. higher surface air temperature since 1880, assuming a reasonable +/- 1.0 degree C. margin of error, are without any real meaning.
Real engineers and real experimental scientists should go into shock after reading this.
"Climate science" is junk science.