One quickly realizes that
modern climate "science"
is really junk science,
by the low quality of
the surface temperature
data.
Surface temperature
"measurements"
are handicapped
by a majority
of surface grids
( the 2,592 five degree latitude by
five degree longitude areas )
having no data,
or with missing data:
Chart below
is for land only
-- missing data in gray:
Chart below
is for land only
-- missing data in gray:
.
.
.
The data problem
.
.
The data problem
was even worse
before World War II,
when the entire
Southern Hemisphere
had few temperature
measurements.
Chart below
for land only
shows all the 1920
weather stations:
Chart below
for land only
shows all the 1920
weather stations:
.
.
.
The 'empty spaces'
of missing data
are "infilled"
( filled in with wild guesses
by government bureaucrats
with science degrees ).
There's no way to verify
whether or not their wild
guesses were correct,
EXCEPT
to compare their
surface global average
compilation with the
global average
temperature
measurements
from weather satellite,
( which are independently
verified by weather balloon
temperature measurements ).
"Surface measurements"
do NOT match
weather satellite data.
The surface "measurements"
reflect MORE warming than the
satellite data
... so it's no surprise that
the biased "warmists"
ONLY use surface measurements.
They completely ignore
weather satellites and
weather balloons,
ignoring the fact that
weather satellite data
require very little infilling,
( just small areas around both poles )
they measure
they measure
in a consistent environment,
and they measure from
the troposphere,
which is exactly where
the greenhouse effect
takes place !
Satellite temperature data
are verified with very similar
weather balloon data.
Most land temperature
surface stations
are concentrated in
North America and
Western Europe.
They were the primary evidence
of global warming in the
first half of the twentieth century.
Those weather station locations
were mainly in areas of
economic growth,
urbanization, and
land use changes,
that caused
an urban heat island effect.
The urban
heat island effect:
heat island effect:
Economic growth
in the vicinity of the
surface thermometers
causes warming,
because new roads
and buildings
absorb more heat
during the day
than trees and grass would,
( making towns / cities
warmer during the day )
and then those hard surfaces
cool off, releasing more heat
at night, ( causing significantly
warmer nights too. )